Muriel Gardiner. a prominent figure in the history of psychoanalysis. During and after World War II. Joseph Buttinger helped establish many of the refugee programs for which the International Rescue Committee has been widely recognized and honored. His personal actions helped smuggle thousands of antiFascist refugees out of Europe. For over 40 years he served as director of the IRCs Paris office and European division. and as an IRC board member and vice president. During the 1950s. he aided refugees in Vietnam and took an abiding interest in the history and culture of that country. He formed the American Friends of Vietnam. and became a prominent scholar of that countrys culture and politics. His twovolume work "Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled" was described In a review in the New York Times as "a monumental work" that is "a strategic breakthrough in the serious study of Vietnamese politics in America." Joseph Buttinger pursued his scholarly career with some half dozen other books on Vietnam and on the history of socialism.
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