Target Group

Portuguese

113 mentions across 36 congressional sessions
Includes mentions classified as: portuguese aliens, portuguese american, portuguese american citizen, portuguese american communities, portuguese american immigrants, portuguese americans, portuguese children, portuguese citizens, portuguese community, portuguese emigrant, portuguese emigrants, portuguese immigrant, portuguese immigrant families, portuguese immigrant family, portuguese immigrants, portuguese nationals, portuguese people, portuguese refugees

Partisan sentiment over time

Share of portuguese mentions by sentiment, per session — stratified by party

Partisan stereotyping rate

Share of portuguese mentions flagged as stereotyping, stratified by party

Framing categories over time

Share of portuguese mentions by rhetorical framing, per congressional session

Economic contributor Cultural enrichment Family values Legal / procedural Humanitarian Economic threat

Mentions over time

Portuguese mentions per 1,000 speeches analyzed, per session — stacked by party

Geographic distribution

Total portuguese mentions by state, 1873–2025

All mentions

Every classified paragraph mentioning portuguese across all sessions (113 total)

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Text excerpt Session Classification Framing Speaker