Target Group

African

388 mentions across 57 congressional sessions

Partisan sentiment over time

Share of african mentions by sentiment, per session — stratified by party

Partisan stereotyping rate

Share of african mentions flagged as stereotyping, stratified by party

Framing categories over time

Share of african mentions by rhetorical framing, per congressional session

Humanitarian Legal / procedural Victim Economic contributor Cultural threat Economic threat

Mentions over time

African mentions per 1,000 speeches analyzed, per session — stacked by party

Geographic distribution

Total african mentions by state, 1873–2025

All mentions

Every classified paragraph mentioning african across all sessions (388 total)

Filter:
Text excerpt Session Classification Framing Speaker