Target Group

Russian

222 mentions across 50 congressional sessions
Includes mentions classified as: russian citizens, russian dissidents, russian emigrant, russian emigrants, russian emigre children, russian emigres, russian families, russian immigrant, russian immigrant children, russian immigrant family, russian immigrant parents, russian immigrants, russian nationals, russian people, russian refugee, russian refugee children, russian refugees, russian settlers, russian students, russian visitors, russian women, russian workers, russians

Partisan sentiment over time

Share of russian mentions by sentiment, per session — stratified by party

Partisan stereotyping rate

Share of russian mentions flagged as stereotyping, stratified by party

Framing categories over time

Share of russian mentions by rhetorical framing, per congressional session

Economic contributor Family values Humanitarian Cultural enrichment Legal / procedural Victim

Mentions over time

Russian mentions per 1,000 speeches analyzed, per session — stacked by party

Geographic distribution

Total russian mentions by state, 1873–2025

All mentions

Every classified paragraph mentioning russian across all sessions (222 total)

Filter:
Text excerpt Session Classification Framing Speaker