H.R. 3 would attempt to apply a new rule for determining the intent not only of the present Congress and future Congresses. but also prior Congresses whose intent should now be a longconcluded fact. There are relatively few Federal statutes containing express provisions preempting the particular field in which they operate. Major Federal laws relating. for example. to immigration and coinage contain no such provisions. In these fields there is a serious question as to the effect of section 1. The proponents of the bill take the position that H.R. 3 will not change the substantive law. still they say it is retroactive.
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immigration