grew out of the struggles of Filipino farm workers for recognition and fair treatment in the early 20th Century. Many of the Filipino immigrants who came to California in the years around WWI gravitated to farm work in the Salinas and Central Valleys. In the Salinas Valley. some of the more enterprising fieldworkers had developed their own abilities to manage teams of workers and the regions growers began to work with them as labor contractors. Most of these successful contractors were marrieda rarity in that time given the laws that limited the immigration of Filipino women and interracial marriage. These wives cared for and counseled many Filipino field workers. most of whom had no family in the United States. Thus many Pinoy workers enjoyed the support of a surrogate mother or big sister.
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immigration immigrants