Horrific attacks have galvanized European leaders to action. but significant challenges remain as the necessity for enhanced counterterrorism and intelligence measures interact with real concerns regarding privacy. Fourth. an alarming nationalist trend has emerged in several countries across the Union. Although nationalism has. of course. existed for years across the Continent. it has been exacerbated by the migrant crisis. In some countries. governments have embraced a brand of "illiberal democracy" which calls into question the very democratic values of the EU and the four freedoms that make up its core. Every member state signed up for these values when they joined the Unionmany of which had to enact difficult reforms to make them a reality.