Ban Kimoon holds that violence in Darfur was sparked by a decline in rainfall that devastated cattle herds. Others believe that the 2011 Arab spring relates to heat waves that forced cerealexporting countries to take grain off the global market. A severe drought in the Horn of Africa has starved off tens of thousands of Somalis. and many more are on the brink of starvation in crowded refugee camps nearby. This displacement and desperation can only compound other crises and issues. such as civil conflict. fragile societies. and underdevelopment. Many Pacific Island nations. such as Kiribati and Tuvalu. are being swallowed up by the ocean.