His earliest impressions were of antiSemitism and abusive treatment by the villagers and the Russian Government. He spoke bitterly about the Cossacks and the pain they inflicted on the Russian peasants. especially the Jews. He spoke of conscription by the czar and military service in faraway outposts such as Siberia. At the age of 18. determined to avoid the oppression of the czars heel. he saved a few rubles. walked across the European Continent and set sail for America in steerage. His arrival in the United States and his search for his brother. Joseph. demonstrated his character. imagination. and determination which would be the hallmarks of his life.
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steerage