Jewish cultural and religious expression is also extremely limited and restricted. Hebrew and Yiddish schools are completely nonexistent and there are fewer than 60 synagogues left in the Soviet Union. In addition to being subjected to discrimination. there has also been a crackdown on Jewish emigration and activism within the Soviet Union. Jewish emigration steadily rose throughout the 1970s. reaching a peak in 1979 of 51.333. Since then. however. the numbers have decreased dramatically. In 1985. only 1.140 Jews were allowed to emigrate. and for 1986 the number was again slightly over 1.000. On January 3 of this year. Leningrad Soviet Jewish activist Vladimir Liftshits was arrested and sentenced to 3 years in a labor camp on charges of antiSoviet slander.
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emigrate emigration