Thus. the National Government has a responsibility to address problems where: Significant savings can be realized by operating a central program. as in research and development. Where States cannot be effective by operating alone. as with combating organized crime. Where benefits spill over to citizens of other States. as in protecting wilderness areas. Where single States encounter extraordinary costs beyond their means. as in disaster relief and refugee assistance. and finally. Where competition among the States prevents them from acting in the public good. as in regulating minimum wages and hours and insuring against unemployment. Finally. there are two principles of fairness that reflect the needs of a changing America as we approach the 21st century.