Irina and Yelena. The Fridmans are both professional engineers. and Roman has his Ph.D. They applied for exit visas in 1975 and were. like so many others. promptly refused. the official reason was that Galinas mother. who under Soviet law must accede to the request before officials continue the application process. had disapproved. Applying for and again being refused permission to emigrate in 1981. the Fridmans were forced to quit their professional jobs or else face difficulties in future visa requests. Roman worked first as a janitor and then as a train conductor. Galina obtained a Job as a boiler fitter in a Moscow apartment complex.
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