There are evidences on all sides of the remarkable economic advance of the Federal Republic. After the war the German economy presented a picture of absolute chaos. Its currency was unstable. its cities were in ruins. 500 million cubic yards of rubble had to be removed. railroad and motor traffic had shrunk to a mere fraction of former volume. the German merchant marine no longer existed. and every day found thousands of refugees pouring into Western Germany from preHitler German territories in the east. The dismantling of the industrial plants for reparations had further reduced the productive capacity. There was a dreadful breakdown in all moral standards.
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refugees