A lot of them were members of the Czarist nobility. the Russian intelligentsia and aristocracy. and officers of the Czarist armies. They fled into Manchuria. down into Tientsin. Peking. and Shanghai. They lived in unspeakable circumstances. I have never seen refugees. even in IRO days in Europe. who suffered more than these people. Yet. they were so opposed to communism by religion and by tradition that almost none of them wavered. They had no legal status. They had no passports. Later they obtained socalled Nansen certificates of identification issued by the League of Nations to stateless persons. Many of the women lived in indescribable ways in order to support themselves and their families until they could get on their feet and reestablish good homes.
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refugees