Macintosh. and Bland cases. the Court based its decision on the following five points: First. Our institutions may be supported and defended by means other than by the bearing of arms. Second. The oath does not in terms require an alien to promise to bear arms. Third. Congress has not made such a finding a prerequisite to citizenship. Fourth. The naturalization oath is in substantially the same terms as the oath required of persons assuming public office. the latter oath never having been construed to be in disregard of religious scruples. Fifth. Congress has consistently. since colonial times. granted exemptions from military service to conscientious objectors.
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