Chamberlain. in his report. 1894: "Unlike the manufacturer on land. whose labor market is. to a degree at least. restricted. the shipowner is at liberty to employ labor in any market where. on account of its abundance. its quality. or its cost. he finds it for his advantage to do so. * * * "The laws do not require American shipowners to obtain their crews in American ports. nor. so far as ascertained. do the laws of any other maritime nation require its shipowners to obtain their crews in national ports. * * "Under normal conditions the crews of American steamships would be shipped in domestic ports but an entircly abnormal slate of affans has been brought about by our continued failure to adjust our laws to current conditions. Reference to the reor ts of shipping commissioners and consuls show that only a small part of the crews of the Indiana. llinois. Pennsylvania. and Ohio. and of the Pacific M al steamships in Asiatic trade are shipped at New York. Philadelphia. and San Francisco. about fourfifths of their crews being shipped at Liverpool. Antwerp. and Hongkong." M r.