Article I of the treaty of 1880 provides that: Whenever In the opinion of the Government of the United States the coming of Chinese laborers to the United States. or their residence therein. affects or threatens to affect the interests of that country. or to endanger the good order of the said country or of any locality within the territory thereof. the Government of China agrees that the Government of the United States may regulate. limit. or suspend such coming or residence. but maynot absolutely prohibit it. The limitation or suspension shall be reasonable and shall apply only to Chinese who may go to the United States as laborers. other classes not being included in the limitations. Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessary to enforce the regulation. limitation. or suspension of immigration. and immigrants shall not be subject to personal maltreatment or abuse. In violation of that article of the treaty we expressly provide that these people shall only have the right to remain here upon applying. on certain terms and conditions. for a certificate. that if they lose their certificate they are not to be governed by the laws as to other persons. they are here ticketofleave men. Precisely as under the Australian law a convict is allowed to go at large upon a ticket of leave. these people are allowed to go at large and earn their livelihood. but they must have this ticket of leave in their possession.
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